The Slavery Of The Slave Trade - 1328 Words

Religious institutions have played a prominent role in the history of American culture, and legislation. These institutions were especially impactful during the start of American colonization. Colonization caused the aggregated need for mass amounts of workers for cultivation infrastructure. For this reason, American settlers began the transatlantic slave trade trade. Christianity played an important role in advocating for the morality of the slave trade (Richard). In order to drive the slave industry, pastors across America used the traditions and stories found in the Bible to endorse and even encourage the practice of slavery. At this time, America was seeing ever dividing sects of protestantism. There were countless institutions†¦show more content†¦One of the most heartbreaking quotes from Adeline Cunningham represents the severely oppressive relationship between the slave owner and the slave. She states â€Å"†¦we never goes to church. Times we sneaks in de woods and prays de Lawd to make us free and times one of de slaves got happy and made a noise dat dey heered at de big house and den de overseer come and whip us ’cause we prayed de Lawd to set us free† (Federal Writers Project). Adeline’s experience was not a unique story. There are countless narratives of slave owners who were afraid of their slaves becoming intellectually liberated. Slave owners feared the day that their slaves acted upon their intelligence and will for freedom. A quote from Leah Garret characterizes a contrasting relationship between slaves and Christianity. She states that, â€Å"De slaves went to church wid dey marsters. De preachers always preached to de white folks first, den dey would preach to de slaves. Dey never said nothin’ but you must be good, don’t steal, don’t talk back at your marsters, don’t run away, don’t do dis, and don’t do dat. Dey let de colored preachers preach but dey give ’e m almanacs to preach out of. Dey didn’t ’low us to sing such songs as â€Å"We Shall Be Free† and â€Å"O For a Thousand Tongues to Sing.† Hey always had somebody to follow de slaves to church when de colored preacher was preachin’ to hear what wuz said and done. Dey wuz ’fraid us would try to say something ’gainst ’em† (Federal Writers Project). ThisShow MoreRelatedSlavery And The Slave Trade1436 Words   |  6 PagesSlavery has been documented and has been part of the world for a very extensive time. Slaves as well-defined by numerous of individual’s state that slaves were a group of individuals who were legally bought and soon after, became the property of an owner and were forced to obey. No one knows when slavery actually came about, but we do know that it existed. So this being said, today I will be talking about the slave trade, comparing the differences of being an African slave and American slave, asRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Slave Trade1405 Words   |  6 PagesThe slave trade, which was once a legal part of the American constitution, has for many years become a form of piracy because it takes away the basic human rights of any person. The Atlantic slave trade was originated in West Africa and became a systematic institution in American and European economies. This plague brought about an inevitable existence of the nations greatest political conflict. The slave trade evoked heartbreak, and a horror to society as the nation became split over puritan valuesRead MoreSlavery And The Slave Trade1498 Words   |  6 PagesThe phenomenon of new world slavery was a well-run business and the slaves were the product. Slavery was one of the few industries in history where assets exceeded liability and owner’s equity, which is an unusual oc currence considering the equation is normally that assets equal liability and owner’s equity. Throughout this essay, the rise of slavery and the slave trade will be explained and slavery will be illustrated as the product of a domino effect. Slavery was a process and it took many peopleRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Slave Trade1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe word slave is well-defined as an individual detained in servitude as the chattel of another, or one that is wholly impassive to a ruling power (American Heritage dictionary of the English language, 2011). The most renowned circumstances of slavery materialized throughout the settling of the United States of America. From 1619 until July 1st 1928 slavery was acceptable within United States of America the Slavery protestors endeavoured to end slavery, which at some point; they were effective atRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Slave Trade1104 Words   |  5 PagesThe Atlantic Slave Trade was about importing and exporting of commodit ies such as sugar, cotton and humans beings (slaves) which would be considered the most valuable product. A slave is defined as a person being held in servitude as the chattel (property) of another; one that is completely subservient to a dominating influence.† (Merriam-Webster) According to Paul Lovejoy â€Å"slavery was one form of exploitation. Its special characteristics included the idea that slaves were property; that theyRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Slave Trade1295 Words   |  6 Pagesyou a few examples of how Atlantic slave trade came to be. What would be significant about it is that the laws, and rules that existed for the slave trade, were slightly confusing. Example not everyone knew or would agree to slave trade, the vast argument was whether slavery was a necessity or not and who would be considered a slave. Some say that without slaves, they would not get the proper work done such as field work is an example. Also others argued that slavery was not needed. A s a result of theRead MoreSlavery And The Slave Trade Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesuse of the domestic slave trade because of the need for slaves in the tobacco planting lands. Many landowners and planters looked towards the Chesapeake area to seek for slaves. Many slave owners started looking towards that region because the International Slave Trade had been blockaded off. The domestic slave trade began something different; where African Americans were moved to a new location either through being sold or being transferred. Because of the desperate need of slaves in order to earnRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Slave Trade1987 Words   |  8 Pagesbe complete without the mention of the interstate slave trade. This is most applicable when we talk about one aspect of the slave trade that often gets overlooked, the Atlantic Slave Trade. When mentioning the Atlantic Slave Trade, it is the fact that southerners considered reopening the trade after its dissolution in the beginning of the n ineteenth century. Interestingly enough, there were movements by southerners to reopen the Atlantic Slave Trade that were in the name of southern expansion. OneRead MoreSlavery And The Slave Trade2968 Words   |  12 Pageshistory of slavery is long, documented, captured in photos and personal narratives of slaves and slave owners. There are many accounts of how slavery started, the horrific stories of transporting slaves and what they were used for throughout history. To start at the beginning you have to start with how slaves were placed in different countries and continents where they were not born. Most know about the Atlantic slave trade that effected North America, South America and the Caribbean. Slavery existedRead MoreSlavery And The Slave Trade1889 Words   |  8 PagesFor over 2,000 years, slavery has been conducted in various parts of the world. From year 1500 to year 1900, Europeans stole individuals from West Africa, West Central Africa, and Southeast Africa and ship ped them to the different parts of the Atlantic. This process dehumanized them of their identity. Europeans stole husbands, wives, merchants, blacksmiths, farmers, and even children. They removed them from their homelands and gave them new names: slaves. European slaveholders never thought to take

Information Security Essay - 4074 Words

Information security means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, modification or destruction. Since the early days of writing, heads of state and military commanders understood that it was necessary to provide some mechanism to protect the confidentiality of written correspondence and to have some means of detecting tampering. For over twenty years, information security has held confidentiality, integrity and availability as the core principles of information security. Confidentiality is the term used to prevent the disclosure of information to unauthorized individuals or systems. Confidentiality is necessary (but not sufficient) for maintaining the privacy of the people whose personal†¦show more content†¦Ã ¡ Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð ²Ã'‹Ã'… Ð ´Ã ½Ã µÃ ¹ Ð ¿Ã ¸Ã' Ã'Å'Ð ¼Ã ° Ð ³Ã »Ã °Ã ²Ã'‹ Ð ³Ã ¾Ã' Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã °Ã'€Ã' Ã'‚Ð ² Ð ¸ Ð ²Ã ¾Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð µ Ð ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ¸ Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ½Ã' Ã »Ã ¸, Ã'‡Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ð ½Ã µÃ ¾Ã ±Ã'…Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã ¾ Ã' Ã ¾Ã ·Ã ´Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ½Ã µÃ ºÃ ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ¼Ã µÃ'…Ð °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ¼, Ã'‡Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'‹ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã µÃ' Ã ¿Ã µÃ'‡Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ ½Ã'†Ð ¸Ã °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ ¿Ã ¸Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð ¸Ã ¼Ã µÃ'‚Ã'Å' Ð ºÃ °Ã ºÃ ¸Ã µ-Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ã' Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ° Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ½Ã °Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð ¶Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã'  Ð ½Ã µÃ' Ã °Ã ½Ã  ºÃ'†Ð ¸Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ð ´Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã °. БÐ ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ã'ˆÐ µ Ð ´Ã ²Ã °Ã ´Ã'†Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¸ Ð »Ã µÃ'‚ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ ½Ã'†Ð ¸Ã °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å', Ã'†Ð µÃ »Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¸ Ð ´Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¸Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¸ Ã' Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð °Ã »Ã ¸Ã' Ã'Å' Ð ¾Ã' Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¼Ã ¸ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ½Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¿Ã °Ã ¼Ã ¸ Ð ¸Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ±Ã µÃ ·Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã °Ã' Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸. КÐ ¾Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ ½Ã'†Ð ¸Ã °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' - Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ð ¼Ã ¸Ã ½, Ð ¾Ã ·Ã ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð °Ã'ŽÃ'‰Ð ¸Ã ¹ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð ²Ã'€Ð °Ã'‰Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã ³Ã »Ã °Ã'ˆÐ µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã'  Ð ¸Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¸ Ð ½Ã µÃ'Æ'Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ¾Ã'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¼Ã ¸ Ð »Ã ¸Ã'†Ð °Ã ¼Ã ¸ Ð ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ã' Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð µÃ ¼Ã °Ã ¼Ã ¸. КÐ ¾Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¸Ã ´Ã µÃ ½Ã'†Ð ¸Ã °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ½Ã µÃ ¾Ã ±Ã'…Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã ° (Ð ½Ã ¾ Ð ½Ã µ Ð ´Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'‡Ð ½Ã °) Ð ´Ã »Ã'  Ã' Ã ¾Ã'…Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã'  Ð »Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ¸Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¸ Ð ¾ Ð »Ã'ŽÐ ´Ã' Ã'…, Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'‹Ð µ Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ² Ã' Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð µÃ ¼Ã µ.Ð’ Ð ¸Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ±Ã µÃ ·Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã °Ã' Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸ Ã'†Ð µÃ »Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¾Ã ·Ã ½Ã °Ã'‡Ð °Ã µÃ'‚, Ã'‡Ã'‚Ð ¾ Ð ´Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð µ Ð ½Ã µ Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ³Ã'Æ'Ã'‚ Ð ±Ã'‹Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¸Ã ·Ã ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã µÃ ½Ã'‹ Ð ±Ã µÃ · Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã'€Ð µÃ'ˆÐ µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã' . КÐ ¾Ã ³Ã ´Ã ° Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã ²Ã »Ã' Ã'ŽÃ'‰Ð ¸Ã µ Ã'…Ð ¾Ã'‚Ã' Ã'‚ Ã'Æ'Ð ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å'Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ã'€Ð ¸Ã' Ã º, Ð ¾Ã ½Ã ¸ Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ±Ã ¸Ã'€Ð °Ã'ŽÃ'‚ Ð ¾Ã ´Ã ¸Ã ½ Ð ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ð ±Ã ¾Ã »Ã µÃ µ Ð ¸Ã · Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ'… Ã'€Ð °Ã ·Ã »Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð ½Ã'‹Ã'… Ð ²Ã ¸Ã ´Ã ¾Ã ² Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã »Ã' . Ð Ã ´Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã ½Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã'‚Ð ¸Ã ²Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã »Ã'Å' Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã ¸Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ'‚ Ð ¾Ã' Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ²Ã'Æ' Ð ´Ã »Ã'  Ð ²Ã µÃ ´Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã'  Ð ±Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ½Ã µÃ' Ã ° Ð ¸ Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã ²Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã'  Ð »Ã'ŽÐ ´Ã'Å'Ð ¼Ã ¸. ОÐ ½ Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'€Ð ¸Ã'‚ Ð »Ã'ŽÐ ´Ã' Ã ¼ Ð ¾ Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¼, Ð ºÃ °Ã º Ð ²Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¸ Ð ±Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ½Ã µÃ'  Ð ¸ Ð ºÃ °Ã º Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã ½Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ²Ã' Ã µÃ ´Ã ½Ã µÃ ²Ã ½Ã'‹Ð µ Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃ'€Ð °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¸. ЛÐ ¾Ã ³Ã ¸Ã'‡ Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã »Ã'Å' (Ð ¸Ã »Ã ¸ Ã'‚Ð µÃ'…Ð ½Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã »Ã'Å') Ð ¸Ã' Ã ¿Ã ¾Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ·Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ'‚ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ³Ã'€Ð °Ã ¼Ã ¼Ã ½Ã ¾Ã µ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã µÃ' Ã ¿Ã µÃ'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ¸ Ð ´Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð µ, Ã'‡Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'‹ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã »Ã ¸Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¸ Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã ²Ã »Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ´Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ¼ Ð º Ð ¸Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¸ Ð ¸ Ð ²Ã'‹Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã' Ã »Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¼ Ã' Ã ¸Ã' Ã'‚Ð µÃ ¼Ã °Ã ¼. Ð ¤Ã ¸Ã ·Ã ¸Ã'‡Ð µÃ' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã µ Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã ²Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã'‚Ã'€Ð ¾Ã »Ã ¸Ã'€Ã'Æ'Ð µÃ'‚ Ð ¸ Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã ²Ã »Ã' Ã µÃ'‚ Ð ¾Ã ±Ã' Ã'‚Ð °Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¹ Ð ½Ã ° Ã'€Ð °Ã ±Ã ¾Ã'‡Ð µÃ ¼ Ð ¼Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð µ Ð ¸ Ð ²Ã'‹Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã' Ã »Ã ¸Ã'‚Ð µÃ »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã'‹Ð ¼Ã ¸ Ã'  Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã °Ã ¼Ã ¸. Ð’Ð °Ã ¶Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¼ Ð °Ã' Ã ¿Ã µÃ ºÃ'‚Ð ¾Ã ¼ Ð ¸Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ð ±Ã µÃ ·Ã ¾Ã ¿Ã °Ã' Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ã'Æ'Ð ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã ²Ã »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã'  Ã'€Ð ¸Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼ Ã' Ã ²Ã »Ã' Ã µÃ'‚Ã' Ã'  Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ã'†Ð µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸ Ð ¸Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¸ Ð ¸ Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã µÃ »Ã µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã µ Ã' Ã ¾Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µÃ'‚Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã'Æ'Ã'ŽÃ'‰Ð ¸Ã'… Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'†Ð µÃ ´Ã'Æ'Ã'€ Ð ¸ Ã'‚Ã'€Ð µÃ ±Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ¹ Ð ·Ã °Ã'‰Ð ¸Ã'‚Ã'‹ Ð ´Ã »Ã'  Ð ¸Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¸. Ð Ã µ Ð ²Ã' Ã'  Ð ¸Ã ½Ã'„Ð ¾Ã'€Ð ¼Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã' Show MoreRelatedInformation Security Policy2664 Words   |  11 PagesInformation Security Policies are a very important part of a company’s protection; these policies are put in place to protect the company and well as the clients. I t is important to maintain a constant watch over all security departments daily to ensure that everything is in working order. The policy below is a great way to keep track of the steps needed to protect your company and clients. Romana Aftab 338 deare street 337-256-5555 337-256-5556 Alfred Beals Jr 2011 Information SecurityRead MoreInformation Security And The Security1463 Words   |  6 Pages Information Security has been a growing role in businesses and will continue to grow because of the ever changing ways of technology. Microsoft has been a leader in the information security industry since it was founded in 1975. Bill Gates and Paul Allen are the founders of this business and have made it a global billion dollar company. With the company venturing in all devices such computers, cell phones, and even cars the sky is the limit for this company to continue to thrive in the technologyRead MoreOutsourcing Information Security Consultants1791 Words   |  8 Pagesin the information technology (IT) arena; (b) to understand the choices made to reduce information and security risks by exploring the different outsourcing techniques, and; (c) to understand how business process associated with outsourcing will stimulate awareness on how the process is interlinked with human behaviors. The topics covered include an evaluation of the specifications of information security consultants to become strategic partners assisting in the reduction of information or securityRead MoreInformation Security And The Security Essay1178 Words   |  5 Pages While information security has many benefits in our technologically advancing environment, it also comes with its own set of issues. Three of the top issues in keeping information secure are lack of awareness, complacency, and no root cause analysis. Even more recently, we have experienced issues with information security and allegations of election hacking. Some of our biggest challenges come with keeping information secure in the business world. Auburn University researchers teamed up withRead MoreInformation And Information Security Incidents3506 Words   |  15 Pagesinterconnected worldwide business environments where information underpins the functionality of an organization, it becomes increasing important to secure information and information systems from a wide range of threats and vulnerabilities that affects the Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA) of information. There has been a significant rise in information security incidents (Leakage of knowledge, valuable corporate information, personal information, etc.) over the years that compromise theRead MoreQuestions On Information Security Incident Management Essay1066 Words   |  5 Pages1. Information security incident management Information security incidents include accidental or deliberate infringements of systems or data confidentiality or privacy, interruptions to systems or process availability, and damage to system or data integrity. For the reporting of information security incidents, we follow step 6 (report exceptions) of the 8-step risk management model in our ACL and AFSL Compliance Plan. Step 6 (as modified for this policy) provides that exceptions to, or breachesRead MoreAn Objective Of Information Security1620 Words   |  7 PagesThe main objective of information security is to safeguard the integrity, confidentiality and availability aspects of information systems and data. from any threats and vulnerabilities, especially when such threats and vulnerabilities are on the rise. The 2015 annual Global State of Information Security Survey conducted by the Internet Development Group (IDG) subsidiaries CIO and CSO in conjunction with PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), shows information security incident increase of 48% from 2013-14Read MoreThe Security Of Information Security3427 Words   |  14 Pagesand demanding field of information security. It contains explanations, screenshots or visual cues, and tips on multiple subjects such as system defenses, reducing vulnerabilities, and the presence of malicious threats. Smaller areas, such as vulnerability assessment and pen etration testing, are also covered because they are very significant in the security of information. While vulnerability assessment is a necessity, penetration testing is purely an option to the security engineer. Read MoreInformation Security2676 Words   |  11 PagesInformation Security As the world migrates to the digital village, a lot of digital data and information is generated and transmitted. In the same line, there is a growing need for data repositories or data banks. Information security is chiefly concerned about prevention, detection and response to computer threats or risks (CISCO, 2013). Protecting organizational information and systems is a daunting task because of the emerging and advanced threats to information technology resources. SecuringRead MoreThe Problem Of Information Security And Security1502 Words   |  7 Pagesdefeat. Information security and privacy is a fundamental component of a successful and efficient healthcare environment. The coming year will be a busy one for lawyers, compliance officers, privacy officers, and senior management as they must stay above the game when it comes to privacy and security. I will explore three trending issues and concerns relating to healthcare privacy and security. My hot topics include the use of b ig data and its implication, the evolving risks of cyber security, and

MGTU1DB Free Essays

1. Definitely not appropriate, 2. Probably not appropriate, 3. We will write a custom essay sample on MGTU1DB or any similar topic only for you Order Now Undecided, 4. Probably appropriate, and 5. Definitely appropriate __5___ Careful study of trade journals – There is no law that prohibits the access to trade journals. Anyone with a subscription can freely peruse through journal contents. Furthermore, trade journals are reputable sources that collect data through legitimate means. __1___ Wiretapping the telephones of competitors Aside from this being against the law in most countries, it also infringes against the universal right of individuals and other entities to privacy. __4__ Posing as a potential customer to competitors Although there is nothing preventing an entity from doing this, the effort that the competition needs to exert to entertain the â€Å"fake† customer is an unethical burden to impose. This is unless the â€Å"spying† entity intends to avail of the competitor’s goods/services anyway for comparison in which case I see absolutely nothing wrong with it. __4__ Getting loyal customers to put out a phone `request for proposal` soliciting competitors` bids Since these are loyal customers, then the ‘requests for proposal’ are obviously superficial. However, it rests on the shoulders of the competitors to weed out these superficial requests and not give in to them. __5__ Buying competitors` products and taking them apart It’s called reverse engineering. If you pay for something, then you have the right to learn as much as you can from it. Of course, this is strictly on an information gathering perspective. Copying the work and selling it is subject to a whole other set of rules. __2__ Hiring management consultants who have worked for competitors I see nothing wrong with the company making this move. However, the consultants are of course subject to limitations bound by their contracts to competitors that they had worked for previously. These conditions usually include confidentiality in which case it would be futile for the company to try to get info from another company by extracting it from consultancy firms that their competitors have previously used. __4__ Rewarding competitors` employees for useful `tips` So long as the ‘tips’ are legally acquired, there’s nothing wrong with it. __3__ Questioning competitors` customers and/or suppliers There’s nothing wrong with conducting information drives to customers. Customers usually have small grievances on a competitor which could prove useful for the company. Suppliers are another matter. Suppliers especially ones that have exclusive customers by region usually do not divulge information regarding their clients. __5__ Buying and analyzing competitors` garbage It’s the same as buying the competitor’s products. __1__ Advertising and interviewing for nonexistent jobs This blatantly fools not only the competitor but also the general public. It constitutes a violation __5__ Taking public tours of competitors` facilities Since it is a public tour, then it’s perfectly alright for the company to tour competitor facilities as guided by the rules in those facilities. Violating the rules (such as taking pictures when not allowed to do so) is another matter. __2__ Releasing false information about the company in order to confuse competitors. Although the company aims to confuse competition, what it’s actually doing is also confusing the public which is generally an unacceptable business practice. There are some exceptions such as when the company bait’s competition with information that does not affect any other public or private entity aside from the competitors. These exceptions could mean something like deliberately leaving fake files in front of a competitor. __2__ Questioning competitors` technical people at trade shows and conferences Like the consultancy firms, these individuals are probably under strict contract not to divulge any pertinent information. There is no problem in questioning them, but what they reveal might even be false information that could damage the company rather than help them with the competition. __5__ Hiring key people away from competitors This is piracy. As long as the company can make offers that its competitor’s employees can’t refuse, it’s a free country. __3___ Analyzing competitors` labor union contracts It completely depends on the nature of the contracts. If it is a matter of public document, then there’s nothing wrong with procuring and analyzing it. If not, then the competitor’s privacy should be respected __1___ Having employees date persons who work for competitors If this is obligatory which is what is implied by the statement, then it violates the private life of the company’s employees. It is also most likely beyond their employees’ job descriptions. If it is voluntary, then it seems to be a matter of personal morals, although I’d still say that it is cruel. __3__ Studying aerial photographs of competitors` facilities This strictly depends on whether or not the law allows the act. I see no moral contentions outside those of mere adherence to government mandate. Reference: Gordon, H. (2003). Business Ethics. Pinedale Press: New Jersey How to cite MGTU1DB, Essay examples

Individualistic Countries free essay sample

The Rise of Collectivism â€Å"Harmony And The Dream† by David Brooks emphasizes that the ideal of collectivist societies like China become more appealing than individual societies. Brooks defines Americans as individuals and Asians as contexts by some experiments. There are obvious differences between individualistic countries and collective societies. The former emphasizes rights and privacy, but the later prefer harmony and duty. The author also lists the example of the opening ceremony in Beijing. The example shows that harmonious society contributed to the fast speed of China. Therefore, the influence of harmony is larger than the impact of American Dream. â€Å"If you show an American an image of a fish tank, the American will usually describe the biggest fish in the tank and what it is doing. If you ask a Chinese person to describe a fish tank, the Chinese will usually describe the context in which the fish swim.† Brooks uses comparison to explain the different views between American and Chinese. We will write a custom essay sample on Individualistic Countries or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Americans pay more attention to the only one, but Chinese focus on the context. The example helps us to understand the divide between individualist mentality and collectivist mentality. Definition is also used in the article. â€Å"The individualistic countries tend to put rights and privacy first. People in collective societies tend to value harmony and duty.† This definition deepen the understanding of differences and shows the thesis of the article. The last one is transition. Before paragraph12, the author prefers Eastern collectivist societies. But Brooks also narrates the reasons why individualism can sweep the field. The author thinks subconscious influences and permeability of human’s brain are two essences. Western people are deeply influenced by individualism. In conclusion, Brooks tend to approve the ideal of collective collective. He also admits the success of western individualism.

Interpretation of Hebrews 126

How To Write Cold Emails The Right Way

How To Write Cold Emails The Right Way Cold email marketing became popular in the past few years, the idea being that it was an extension of genuine interest and engagement. You’d let people know you mentioned them in a blog post, or referenced them in some other content, like in an ebook. Or you’d share something you wrote that they might be interested in for their own blog or research. They would most likely share it with their followers. Good times, all around. And it worked. Unfortunately, it has morphed into something else, much like guest blogging was co-opted by spammers and sullied. I wish I could share the tweet with you that set my mind to writing this post, but unfortunately, it has been pulled down. Essentially, with typical Twitter bluntness, the writer of the tweet said this: Online email marketing today is an email from some guy saying, â€Å"I mentioned you in this thing I wrote. Share it with all your people.† I suspect he pulled the tweet down because the language was a bit more colorful than this, no doubt stemming from the sense of frustration as his already burgeoning inbox was bombarded by this careless kind of marketing that is really little more than spam. I’m going to approach this post a bit differently, positing some theories about cold email marketing at the start. If everyone ends up doing it, the effectiveness is lost. Even if it’s a miracle cure, too many people are poorly trained in administering it. Even in perfect form, the sheer amount of emails can overwhelm. You must have patience. People don’t all move at the speed of marketing. The recipient must truly benefit and get value from your request. Cold email  marketing can be done well, just like guest posting still has a place, but too often, in the wrong hands or from marketers who are too busy and have an eye on numbers instead of the hearts of the people. It is something ugly. A Tale Of Frustration True-story time, so that you can learn from my pain. I generally receive a fair amount of emails each day from people who want me to look at their blog post or ebook. They tell me quickly that they’ve mentioned me or something I’ve written in their content, and would I please... Check it out. (Pretty vague, and it doesn’t tell me how I’m going to benefit, only that I’m going to have to give up time to do it.) Review it and see if I agree. (Feels like being baited, but I might bite depending on how they worded the email.) Comment on it. (Again, time consuming and how do I benefit by giving you social proof?) Give them pointers on how to make it better. (I find this confusing; I don’t have time to spot-edit other content. I think this is supposed to be flattery, but I would advise wording this kind of request carefully.) And, most importantly, would I share it with my followers lots and lots of times. Some I respond to, and some I don’t. Because I’m an introvert  and also fairly regimented in what I allow myself to do each day, that would interfere with work and personal time, so I don’t always respond right away. Many of these cold emails are hastily written and don’t offer any genuine reward. So if I don’t respond, I archive it away. Sometimes I’d get a follow-up email, wondering if I’d gotten the previous email, and repeating the original request. Some folks follow up the follow-up many times over, and that’s harassing. One day, I received a typical cold email. It said this: Hey Julie. I love your blog post X. The best part was this: X. Here is a quote I liked: X. We wrote something similar and I’d like you to check it out. I would love your feedback. Sharing it on your blog and social media would be great! :-) I read it, and I thought this: It’s a form email, with blank areas for personalization. They used the quote to prove they read my blog post, but is a large pull quote suggesting they didn’t actually read it. It feels like part of a massive campaign with an attempt at being personal. I don’t know this person. I archived it. Six days later I received this: Hey Julie. Just touching base again. While waiting to hear back from you, I read this wonderful post on your blog about X (same blog post mentioned in the first email). I liked it so much I shared it with my Twitter audience. Here is the tweet: (link to twitter.com, not any specific tweet or profile). Here is something similar: (same blog post they wanted me to check out last time). I hope you enjoy it. Do leave a comment or share it. I archived it. Clearly, a follow-up cold email form with sloppy attention to details. I’m not going to share content from anyone who isn’t careful about details, since the content I share and curate  reflects on me. Recommended Reading from Neil Patel: The 6 Types Of Social Media Content That Will Give You The Greatest Value Two weeks later, I receive an email from the same group. Unfortunately, they mixed up their copy and paste efforts, it seems, and it was for some guy I didn't know, containing an email reply chain. Same email template and wording, same blog post they were pushing. I responded back, letting them know of the mix-up and that their email hadn’t gone to the correct person. I also politely and pleasantly noted I was not interested in these types of cold emails. Ten days later, I received an email starting another round of the same templates for another blog post. I archived it. Ten days after that, someone else from that group made a friend request on some of my social media profiles and promptly sent me a message with a link to their LinkedIn Group. Sixteen days after that, I received a  cold  email announcing beta access to their app. They also asked if I would please sign up and promote their app on social media and on my blog to my friends? Ye gads. This is one example. I have many. I save the emails, because sometimes I can’t believe people are doing it. I want to say this to these folks who are going about cold email marketing in this manner: You keep taking up my time and bandwidth. What do I get out of this? Before you send cold emails, ask yourself: What does the receiver get out of this? #WIIFMWhat To Ask Yourself As You Write Your Cold Emails Assuming you’re not an influencer and that you’re looking to build your audience and get some new attention with the help of someone who has a bit of influence, what do you have to do to make cold email marketing effective again? Frankly, much of these next steps can work for any marketing approach, not just cold emails. 1. Did it jump the shark? Before we proceed too much farther, I’d advise you to learn how to evaluate a marketing technique and decide if it’s jumped the shark. This cold email technique may have, indeed, reached critical mass, if you have influencers and others grumbling about it on social media. It has been proposed by leading marketers as a winning technique for so long now  and has been used by those of us in the trenches, causing it to lose its power. But maybe not. What kind of responses are you  getting back? Perhaps your email method works, perhaps your style is off, or perhaps the technique is alive or dead. You decide. 2. Am I valuing the person? Signs of not  valuing the person you’re about to make a request of: Emails that fill up already crowded and noisy inboxes that are filled with jargon, insincere compliments, overly casual friend-talk from a stranger High request loads (share this, do this, review this) for busy people Constant â€Å"follow-up† And a barrage of simultaneous friend requests on every social network out there the same time you send the email That feels like a war campaign, not a genuine relationship. That feels like you’re checking things off a marketing list according to a schedule, and not seriously inquiring and engaging. You clearly want something from the person without any quid pro quo. Explore how you can bring true value to the influencer before you send #ColdEmail.3. Is my timeline off? Remember, people don’t move at the speed of marketing. Engagement is not a cold email and a follow-up. That’s little more than the digital form of advertising circulars in the mail that have my name on it generated from some database. Real relationships, and real engagement, takes time. You can’t flood the Internet with cold email marketing in hopes of fast returns. In other words, do not spray your emails out to random influencers and strangers, taking the shotgun approach and hoping something sticks. That’s a good way to ruin your reputation and have your email marked as spam, or categorize you as a â€Å"troublesome" emailer. You must focus on specific people with specific communication tailored directly to them personally and genuinely. Their interests. Their concerns. Thoughtful responses. That level of communication necessarily reduces the amount of emails you can send out, and it stretches out the timeline. While it would be nice to think of cold emails as a campaign-based technique that fits a particular timeline centered around a specific set of content, I am suggesting that era has passed. It may have worked that way when the technique first developed, but if my inbox is any indication, getting a flood of emails based around the latest content piece someone is pushing that month and my reaction to it (as well as the now-gone tweet mentioned earlier), it's leaving a bad taste in people’s mouths. 4. Is there any real interest? If you don’t hear back, you didn’t hear back. Don’t follow-up your follow-up your follow-up your follow-up. Don’t send messages on other social network messaging systems, too. If the person isn’t interested, move on. And tell the rest of your team as much. They’re just not that into you. If someone doesn't reply to your #ColdEmail, they're just not that into you. Move on.What You Need To Do If you’ve asked yourself those questions and are legitimately good to go forward, you need to know how to do it right. 1. Pre-engagement engagement. Choose a few influencers or people you’d like to target in the hopes that they will do the same for you. Be creative. Pick a few who aren’t on the top of everyone’s list, perhaps. Look for people who: Are active on social media. Have followers who are active. Have lots of blog comments. Are in the habit of promoting others or doing what you’re ultimately going to ask them to do. Are someone you’ve engaged with legitimately (i.e. not looking to get something from) in the past. Have responded to you in the past. Are doing something unusual, unique, or have a brand or thing going on that is different from everyone else that you are  truly interested  in. Please notice:  You’ve engaged with them in the past without trying to get something from them. And also, please notice: Someone doing something you’re truly interested in. Do you see people as merely a means to an end? Do you target influencers who are merely in your niche or have the fame, or are you actually interested in what they say and do? If you aren’t truly interested, you’re going to have a tough time forming a legitimate relationship and communicating with them on a real level. Do you see people as merely a means to an end? If yes, influencer outreach isn't for you.Remember this, because I’m going to harp on this and allude to it for the rest of the post: Natural conversation stems from true interest. Real relationships stem from caring about someone else. If you’re a well-known person in your niche, and considered an important and relevant influencer, you might be able to get by without some of this. After all, you can’t care about everyone; you’d be exhausted. But most of us aren’t, and you need to lay the groundwork of genuine friendliness first before launching requests. If your first contact as an unknown quantity is market-ese, empty flattery, a form email, and â€Å"do this for me please†, you failed. You did it wrong. 2. Inject tangible value into your communication. Remember, this cold email technique doesn’t work unless you genuinely have something of value to offer the recipient. And by genuine, I don’t mean some sort of empty flattery or suggestions of assumed or forced quid pro quo (â€Å"I share your stuff all the time. You should do the same for me.†) You need to add some value. And you need to show that you value the actual person. Adding value and benefits is easy enough. You know the drill. You offer the recipient access to exclusive information or data, a free copy of your ebook, a guest post, help with something, first use of an infographic- that kind of value and benefit is easy to understand. But how do you show the person that you value them? Simple: You assign time or money to the interaction. In a busy and fast world, time and money carry weight. You could send a postcard. A letter. A Graze box. A holiday card. Treats for their whole team. A hot new book on their Amazon wishlist. If the person constantly gushes about Yo-Yo Ma on their social media feeds, send them a Yo-Yo Ma CD. If they love Star Wars, send them something Star Wars-y. Donate to their favorite charity. Spend months conversing about non-marketing things like you would with a friend. Offer to help them here and there, early on, before popping a request (â€Å"I’d be happy to be a beta tester/bug finder† or â€Å"I can create some graphics for you if you need a little help.†). This isn’t about being a creeper or about breaking some sort of pay-to-play laws. It isn’t a guarantee they will do what you want. It’s merely saying with action that the person matters and you took the time to show it. Talk is cheap, especially online, and when I get something that took time or money to communicate with me, I pay attention. That person was willing to expend something of value to them in order to get my attention. For example, I recently received a letter from a blog reader from Kentucky who had read a post I’d written here on the blog. And by letter, I mean paper, in an envelope, with a stamp. He wanted to thank me for writing on a topic that he hadn’t realized he should learn about, and felt he needed to let me know how much it had helped him. So I wrote back. I responded. If that person asks something of me, I will certainly be paying attention and more likely to at least respond again. I’m going to be bold and say that being personal is the only way to stand out now. Clever or flattering language in an email doesn’t really do it. It’s not enough, anymore, to run the data and find a â€Å"slow email† day so your email doesn’t get lost in the shuffle because, truthfully, there are no slow email days. They’re all pretty heavy, with some days being merely slightly less heavy. Say  with action that the person matters and you took the time to show it. #OutreachIf you simply can’t imagine doing anything more than email, block out the time to send real emails long before you need to make a request. You might: Ask their opinion about something they are interested in (anything other than about a post you just wrote). Ask questions, as if they were a mentor (but no links to your site right away). Sincerely tell them how their writing has helped you. Share some content with them that isn’t yours. Tell them why you thought it might help, or how it fit in with what they have previously talked about. And then wait a bit before repeating. You’re establishing that you’re not just out for what you can get. When thinking of cold contacting an influencer to gain traction for your content, ask yourself these questions: What is too common? What is uncommon? How can I make this happen using something uncommon? You know what happens when you add benefits and show the email recipient they are valuable to you? They see your request  as being more valuable. You took the time to add value to it, therefore, it is a more valuable request. This is a simple equation. 3. Don’t care so much. This one technique, that of cold emails, cannot be the cornerstone of your marketing plan. If it is, you'll care too much. If you care too much, you’re going to chase after it too hard. You’re going to â€Å"follow up† to the death and ruin your chances of future success. I’m not proposing apathy, but patience requires you not to sit and stare at your phone waiting for the email to arrive. Be Picky. The crucial question is this:  What can you do  (not just say) that shows you invested time and/or money into your communication? What have you done that shows you value the person? What can you do (not just say) that shows you invested time/money into your #Outreach?If you have the mindset that the person you’re making the request of is more valuable than your request, you won’t slip into spammy and frustrating behavior, and something, ultimately, will come from your efforts. So, in recap: 1. Pick your request. By deciding that you will add true value (backed by time and money) to your request, you’ll be less sloppy and more casual in the requests you make. Instead of pushing every third blog post, you'll take the time to create some kind of content that truly matters. 2. Pick the person. Use the list and choose your email recipients wisely. A bigger list isn’t always best. Be sure you only take on what you can handle in a personal manner. 3. Pick the method. Choose a creative way to communicate to get the recipient’s attention, but remember to do it early on before you begin to make requests. Be uncommon. If email is the only route you can go, remember that caring about people and communicating that genuinely without wanting something in return is, in and of itself, uncommon.

Atmosphere of Mystery and Suspense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Atmosphere of Mystery and Suspense - Essay Example Focusing on films that we have covered this semester, namely, The Birds by Alfred Hitchcock,   The Birth of Nation by David Wark Griffings,   The Night of the Hunter by Charles Laughton, Sunset Boulevard by Billy Wilder, The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari by Robert Wiene, Rear Window by Alfred Hitchcock, Grand Illusion by Jean Renoir, Ossessione by Luchino Visconti, The Battleship Potemkin by Sergei Eisenstein, The White Ribbon by Michael Haneke, The Song of the South by Wilfred Jackson and Harve Foster and Sunrise by Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau there is a usual similarity to be observed. All the films are not set in the current modern setting, so one has to consider the fact that directors by then had serious challenges to technical skills and machine support. Nevertheless, one respects their works and seek to know how they accomplished their goals. For any successful film quality of Choice of characters, choice and quality of sound, camera angles and movement should not be compromised. T his is based on the fact that camera angles and sound system show the actual objective of the film, its meaning and significance. The actual setting and the actual nature of the characters is also evident in the film. It is also through these three factors we understand the emotions of the authors and the intentions of the director. Though the study did not exhibit modern technology in their development, the directors did beat the midnight oil to use techniques such as soundtrack system to explain their intentions. The sound is often measured in decibels. These are units which can be detected by a human ear when changed. Therefore, the composition of all of these factors determines the quality of the film. This paper shows an analysis of the films that exist in the society. Any director worth their professional standards understands the importance of settings in film development. This is based on the fact that the setting outline the plot and other vital aspect developed into a movi e. For instance, in the film, â€Å"The Birth of a Nation (1915),† showcase the reconstruction era in America. An individual is able to understand how time setting influences the development. The strategic use of camera and sound explain the plot development. This is evident through the use of cameras looking down Sherman’s March. It is significant to explain the use of camera angles and placement since it opens the audience's mind. It also creates a level of suspense through political happenings. That is why we also view the director’s choice of sound that has the VHS and DVD formats to maintain the quality of sound. The film explains the occurrence of the American civil war primarily by the Ku Klux Klan gang. It also evaluates the effects of the death of Cameron’s brother in the war. During the painful experience, uses the direction of camera angles set strategically to capture the anguish and pain of Ben Cameroon when he receives news about his hanging . On the other hand, sound cements the director's objectives as strange mysterious sound can be heard when Ben is suffering the realization that his other family members had actually died in the war. The setting of the film actually explains that the outcome of events for instance crime punishable by murder through hanging was common in those times. The film La Grand Illusion (1937), focuses on the fate of a small group of French Soldiers after the outcome of the war. The characters were prisoners of war and were plotting an escape. The timing is during the middle of the world war II when a castle build in Western France appear in the film.        

1.Identify and review some of the strategies which the company uses to Essay

1.Identify and review some of the strategies which the company uses to deal with the difficulties presented by the specific features of financial services marketing - Essay Example The researcher is taking American International Group Inc. which is a U.S.A. based company for reviewing their products and strategies. In this paper the researcher is trying to identify the strategies which they use to deal with the difficulties presented by the features of marketing of financial services. The researcher will use the website of AIG and some journals for analyze the strategies of the company. American International group which is a financial services company constitutes of different business units. These are AIG Bank, AIG Direct, SunAmerica financial group, Chartis insurance, United Guaranty Corporation and International Lease Finance Corporation. The main revenue of the company is from the Chartis insurance which is major name in the global insurance sector. SunAmerica financial group is the other which generates maximum revenue for the AIG group. From this statistics it can be said that the company is mainly focusing on the life insurance, general insurance, wealth management, asset management programs. It can also be said statistics that the major percentage of revenue comes from the casualty and specialty line of business. In any type of industry the companies should design and offer the product or services according to the customer needs. Financial services industry is a volatile industry. During the economic downturn the companies generally don’t profit much from the financial services. The reputation of the companies plays a big role in that situation. If the financial services companies provide the products according to the needs of the customers and build customer loyalty then they will have a competitive edge than their competitors. For having a good percentage of market shares as well as retaining the customers in time of financial downturn a loyal customer base is necessary for the financial services company (The Economist, 2008, p.5-7). The services

Business Law and conflict with trade secrets Research Paper

Business Law and conflict with trade secrets - Research Paper Example How does business law conflict with trade secrets, and to what extent does this conflict pose problems? This paper will conduct an overview of how the business law acknowledges trade secrets and how it attempts to protect them. Along with case law examples, a stance will be ascertained as to the conflicting elements between business law and trade secrets, and how these conflicts, if any, cause problems for companies that try to protect their trade secrets. How the law defines trade secret, protects it, and what action can be taken will be assessed on a deeper level, as well as a brief comparison to its application to patents and trademarks to determine just how these conflicts have arisen, and why. Companies spend vast amounts of money on perfecting and researching new methods, processes and products in order to make them ‘stand out’ from their competitors. For example, Company Z discovers, after research and careful planning, a new safety system for its family vehicles – a system which cost the company millions in research and is now able to set this company apart from its competitors in this area. Indeed, this company should be entitled to the benefits reaped by the research and effort, both financially, and on a reputational level. It should be protected from Company Y, which decides that it wants to reap the benefits also of Company Z’s research, but without having exerted the time and money. Not only is this unfair on many ethical levels, it also has the potential to create rifts in the market, for Company Z has put a large amount of funds into discovering something that Company Y steps in and takes for free. The law attempts to prevent such occ urrences, and recognizes the inevitable demise of companies such as Z in such situations. However, there is much potential for problems to arise, especially when the elusive trade secret is defined by the actions of the company which possesses it rather than its actual content per se. This element

Managing Communication: Knowledge and Information

Managing Communication: Knowledge and Information In the background of twenty first century, the firms are competing with each other in this challenging and complex environment. It is transformed by numerous factors such as diffusion of technologies, technological development, and information technology along with the use of right knowledge (Hitt, Keats, DeMarie, 1998). This landscape requires every firm to act differently to flourish and survive. For that they have look for new resources of the competitive advantage and some new forms of competition. This it requires the proper understanding of information, knowledge and the proper communication process for gaining competitive advantage. Information is required and it acts as the back bone of the todays business and vital part of large business firms. The massive storage of data needs the purposes from the decision making processes to risk management process. Ernst Young have adopted the combination of information, knowledge and communication ties strategic themes on the basis of globalization such as operational excellence, clients, financial stability and people. This firm confines and takes action on the knowledge within their organization. Information, knowledge and communication process describes their strategies to ensure that they are acting upon to gaining competitive advantage. This large firm uses ERP for their work so that they have achieved higher operational excellence in their work. They use internet and intranet within their organization and its all offices are interconnected with each other. For carrying out the communication process, they held regular meetings for transferring information form one department to other departments. Thus makes it easy for them to gain competitive advantage by adding strategies to their business growth. The large scale business is globally distributed and having reliable as well as stable infrastructure along with the network administration. Its applications handle and run the fast processing. The information technology has enabled the business firm to offer services well. The business communication process has become very vital for managing business growth as well its success. The Ernst Young Company has achieved efficiency with network-based communications such as email and web presence. These tools have supported the customer support that has grown the companies to compete in the larger markets. Some communication applications have made it easier for the firm to communicate and collaborate efficiently with their clients and customers. Thus there is a strong need of the combination of information, knowledge and communication process in the organization. The firm has gained competitive advantage by establishing and providing professional services. This company has provided a broad collection of services for capturing growth and managing risk just by adopting proper communication process. The information, knowledge and communication plays an important role for gaining competitive advantage and it is a better meaning of providing competitive advantage. They all are required in the tangible form to meet the needs of the company. The companies fail due to its inability for managing these points to meet internal as well as external requirements (Hodgson, 1999). As it s discussed in the previous section, EY has adopted information system for communicating with their clients and customers. The company has achieved efficiency with network-based communications. These tools have supported the customer support that has grown the companies to compete in the larger markets. Thus it helps them to grow in the global market. The company has gained the competitive advantage by achieving excellence at the firms level. What managers are doing to improve decision making by using information and knowledge internally and externally to improve decision making and taking? Answer Generally managers make decision on the basis of their perception, understanding, events and people around them. They can experience some instances where their perception is taken as mistakes. The perception along with the right information and knowledge plays an important role in decision making. But it has suggested that managers may get into some problems that result from wrong perceptions, and are considered as rare and they are often negligible. For any decision to be effective, it should make use of relevant, timely and accurate use of information (Ajayi et al., 2007). Managers work on knowledge based activities while decision making. Broadly these activities are divided into two categories such as process and practice oriented practices. The managers use process oriented approach by getting the tactic knowledge. This knowledge can be taken from formal interviews and meetings. The requirements of knowledge and information are known as an outline of the decisions that are to be proved as effective in decision making. The importance of information has not only been at present, but had played quite an important role even in earlier days as Mudrick Rose (1971) suggested that for an organization to survive, information plays supreme role. Managers gather the knowledge and information from some internal and external sources. On the basis of the available data, they implement it for the decision making. The managers in Ernst Young firm play an important role in decision making and they are having good decision making capabilities. The managers take decision on the basis of collected information and gathered knowledge from internal and external sources. They conduct meeting with their peers, their juniors and with their other executives for better decision making process. By doing this, they can get the information at internal level. Also they collect information from the external sources. They communicate with their clients and customers for getting feedback and for knowing about the needs. In addition to these, the time in todays scenario makes use of various ERPs for information handling. Big giants like Ernst Young make use of these information handling techniques for better decision making process. Even the organizations today make use of software tools such as SAP, which has its own intelligence techniques to recommend for better performance and growth of an organization. Managers use these tools for their decision making and various strategic decisions too. Therefore, the time has changed and the approach of managing situations too has changed. Thus, MIS has been in use increasingly at present times. The technique helps in finding the disturbances that are there within the system to help the management take a step for getting against the problem (Obi, 2003). The first step of any decision making process involves the process to define the problem. Managers need to define the problem that exists within their organization. For this purpose, they arrange meetings with their colleagues to know about the exact situation. Based on the analysis made from the meetings, strategic level of management finds out the exact problem statement within an organization. This problem is then taken as the main factor to collect the information related to it there within the organization (and that existing outside the organization as well). From the information collected, various conclusions are drawn that help in exploration of ways to sort out the situation. The management then makes use of the information along with the problem statement to process the information. This processed information is further made use of to come to the final conclusion by making decisions. What are the strategies to increase personal networking to widen Employees Involvement in the decision-making process? Answer Involvement of employee in decision making process creates the basic need of todays marketplace. Managers make an effort to increase the involvement of employees in the organization. Therefore, the well integrated organization results in better outcomes. There are a number of ways by which an organization makes an effort to increase the employee involvement in decision making process using the personal networking approach. The increased rights given to employee to raise his voice and involve in decision making process helps him attain outcomes (Macleod Bradey, 2004). The strategic management department makes an effort to arrange regular get together there within the organization to raise the number of communication of employees. This raises the strength of relationship of members with each other. This also helps them feel comfortable in working with each other. The employees make an effort to communicate with each other at such instances and get rid of any personal distances. This helps in creation of better relations of employees, which raises the opportunity of better performance. The employees work with each other in a better manner using the personal network (Robinson et al., 2004). Therefore, the importance of personal network cannot be ignored. The personal networking helps in establishing better relations there within the organization. The employee feels comfortable working with the organization, thus acts in favour of the organization. Increased power provided to the employee is the root cause of this change in behaviour. The management shall increasingly favour creative and innovative ideas in the meetings and give the employees an opportunity to represent these ideas in meetings. This would help in better opportunities among employees to participate in organizational activities. Therefore, the decision making opportunities are increased. This would further result in motivation among individuals due to increased importance provided to them. Therefore, the operational activities are improved of individuals. The management enjoys benefits due to this act, as the innovation and creativity gives an opportunity of accomplishment and new insights among individuals. The very common cause of employee leaving an organization to join the other is due to lack of importance provided to the employee. Other factors besides this include promotion and rewards (CIPD, 2007). If an organization gives the individuals an opportunity to participate in decision making process, this helps them motivate to work for the organization. Therefore, the management shall incorporate such a kind of strategy at work place that there are improved personal relations of employees there within the organization, and therefore, results in improved performance for the success and growth. Employees shall give the employees an opportunity to discuss directly with the top management in case of any problem. The problems shall be duly heard by the managers. This would further help in improved personal relations of employees. This would act in favour of individuals as well as organization. The staff would be increasingly active to participate in decision making process. This would act as a strong motivating factor for individuals. In addition to this, the employees shall be given an opportunity to discuss their experience with others. There should not be stiff restrictions at place for the management process. This would ensure better flow of information transfer and communication process. Therefore, would help in betterment of the organizational objectives. One should remember that the retention of top performers is of supreme importance for an organization. Therefore, personal networking should retain the employees for long term success. Develop a communication process to improve the decision making and organizational knowledge for your chosen organization. Answer Decision is considered as the form of a communication which takes social prospects of the people in the organizations (Andersen, 2003). There are three groups of the communication process: temporal prospects to the future, accurate prospects at the organization and social prospects that are directed at the participants in the communication process. Communication process plays supreme role for the success of an organization. There should be thorough communication between the two or more entities to ensure the proper flow of information. For Ernest and Young, it is suggested that managers shall arrange regular meetings with their team to motivate them. The targets shall be clearly stated by the managers (As they are at present), along with the motivational meetings. At present there is a hierarchical process for communication between different staff members. However, it is recommended to make use of the shorter channel. There should be a separate software application at work place to communicate. The staff members shall make use of this application to communicate with each other. This should be more or less like Skype. Therefore, the staff would be able to communicate with each other in a faster manner. This communication shall not restrict to particular group of people, but the integration should be of such an extent that an operator can even communicate with the strategic level of management. Thus, the hierarchical structure would be able to communicate with each other without the limitation of any particular group of people. This would be of help in ensuring that there is faster communication within the organization and the prop er strategic decisions are made. The operational level of staff would be able to communicate with the strategic level, thus helping them getting rid of problem conditions, if any. This would ensure the right use of technology and healthy work flow of the staff operations. Decision is an organizational process and can be created when the decisions are interconnected with each other and that can cause the uncertainty in decision making. It is considered that first decision in the process is no longer evaluated further (Seidl and Becker, 2006). The organization would be able to make better decisions thereon. The management would be able to communicate with each other through a direct channel. Therefore, the chances of miscommunication would reduce greatly. This would help in reduction of problem conditions. The flow of information would take place smoothly through this approach within the organization. This would further result in reduced risks of wrong information transfer. The back- up of whole information transfer, whether audio or textual or video, would be recorded to the main server. Therefore, the details are completely saved to the main database. This would help in reviewing all the discussions done, as and when required. Furthermore, the access of previous discussion would also help in analysing the flaw areas that exist within the complete network of Ernst and Young. The business is expected to grow through this strategy. Increased pace of communication and decision making process would help in attaining better results. The decision makers would thus be able to utilize the previous communication details to know about the approach that had helped them gain in the past. Based on this analysis, they can formulate future strategies for growth. This would help them to minimize the risks and make optimal solution of resources. Thus, the strategy is expected to help them in gaining better results. The organizations revenues are also expected to increase through this strategy. What role Knowledge Management plays in managing organisation strategically? Knowledge enables the companies to compete with each other. Knowledge about the customers, competitors, their strategies is very required. Firms have adopted knowledge management in their organization as the strategic orientation. For an example, low cost strategies are required for cost cutting in the organizations. Lowering prices and shortening of cycle times are some differentiation strategies that add value to the organizations. Thus it differentiates firms from their competition. Organizational knowledge theory tells how the knowledge plays an important role for managing organizations strategically. Organizational knowledge is known as the implicit and explicit knowledge that every individual try to acquire about the products, process and systems. The tactic knowledge can be gained by using the forms of cultures, routines etc and explicit knowledge is gained by some databases and manuals (Nahapiet Ghoshal, 1998; Grant, 1996; Nonaka Takeuchi, 1995). Knowledge management is very critical to achieve competitive advantage. External as well as internal sources are considered as important factors of the firms (Kogut Zander, 1992). Ernst young is an independent firm and it is renowned as most admired knowledge enterprises (MAKE). This organization is well known for its corporate knowledge driven firm and it works more on becoming strategically important. This firm creates and leverages the easy access to their knowledge to their clients as well as their practitioners and that has differentiated itself from other companies in the market. The main strategy of the company is that it emphasizes on both learning as well as sharing of knowledge. It connects the skill and ability of their people with the firm to be better that their competitors. EY have adopted client oriented approach or strategy that has been transmitted form the company to the teams for its applications. An applied knowledge management protocol has been implemented for making use of information in decision making, work and information alignment for optimizing performance levels, facilitating problem solving and distribution of knowledge for strategic purpose (CAPa, 1997). This application is effectively assisting the high and value added activities with the strategic context. It also broadcasts its business practices to meet differences. Generally there are two types of organizations that rely on codifying knowledge strategy to make total use of knowledge for individual stores it for easy access by using information and communication technology tools. There are the companies that rely on the personalization strategy for channeling of individual expertise to the right place for person to person interaction. Ernst Young is making explicit knowledge and inserting it in the store areas. It also promotes people network along with the technology based networks. It has also worked for knowledge management strategy but with the interpersonal relationship with their clients. This has emerged as a core concept for the firm. They create better balance between the internal as well as external part with the view of the globalised world (Ezingeard et al., 2002; Bartlett, 2000; Collins, 2002, 1998). The figure states the two dimensions in which one axis shows the degree for developing knowledge management on the technological frameworks from low degree to high. The other axis represents the personal networks on which the organization develops its knowledge sharing capabilities at personal level. The high degree shows the strong integration with the knowledge networks. It is high in the case of the EY firm. It has become a fact that new venture are growing rapidly, thus they have adopted the knowledge management in their organization to become strategically strong. It has been argued that knowledge management is not different issue. Xxxx company have some unique feature of the knowledge management how they are managing the knowledge strategically. This firm has emphasized different knowledge management activities. The adoption of organizational knowledge theory has become very important phenomenon for this firm. Effect of Caffeinated Sports Drink: Exercise and Heart Rate Effect of Caffeinated Sports Drink: Exercise and Heart Rate Manpreet Nijjar The Effect of a Sports Drink containing caffeine or Carbohydrates and the combination combined on Exercise and Heart Rate INVESTIGATION TASK This study investigated the effects of different energy drinks (a carbohydrate based sports drink, a caffeine based sports drink, a drink with the carbohydrates and caffeine combined), on resting heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), run time-to-exhaustion (RTTE), peak exercise HR, and return time to resting HR. RESEARCH QUESTION Would the consumption of particular energy drinks affect one’s heart rate and ability to exercise for longer? BACKGROUND INFORMATION Sports science which incorporates the effective use of nutrition and exercise science is now widely recognised in contributing factor optimising athlete performance. It follows that if an athlete wants to train for longer periods and minimise recovery period between exercises then he or she needs to be well nourished. Many of the body’s metabolic processes involved in exercise are dependent on the components of an athlete’s diet and therefore by adjusting these components, they may be able to change athletic capacity. Recently amongst many young people the use of energy drinks has become fashionable in addition to the more traditional use of multivitamins to improve athletic performance. Illicit taking of performance enhancing drugs, such as anabolic steroids, is also widely-recognised as a means of achieving rapidly improved athletic capabilities. [1, 2]. Despite these widely held beliefs, there is minimal evidence to underpin the claims of manufactures of these energy drinks that they have any significant effect on cardiovascular efficaciousness and overall performance, in particular that of short duration exercise. [3] There is no evidence to suggest that water alone is superior when compared to sports drinks in achieving increased exercise duration and capacity although the reverse has often been demonstrated. [1,5,8] [5-9 not used] A review of various research articles on the use of energy drinks and exercise performance reveals apparently inconsistent findings: Improved performance levels in exercises such as sprint cycling and cycling duration, weight lifting and sprinting. [10-15] No significant difference in exercise performance [11,14,15] Ingredients in the most popular sport drinks include caffeine, and the amino acid taurine, which both may impact on heart rate [18,19], Bichler and colleagues [20] investigated the combination of caffeine and taurine vs. a placebo and found it actually caused a significant decline in heart rate. Additional ingredients are carbohydrates, flavorings, herbs and B-vitamins. The amount and types of carbohydrate found in sports drinks was found to be variable. There were some ‘diet’ energy drinks that had zero carbohydrates compared to some with medium amounts (e.g. Powerade at 3.9g/100ml), and some very high amounts (KX drinks at 9g/100ml). The capacity of the drink to enhance performance is governed by its carbohydrate content. Simple carbohydrates (a combination of sucrose, glucose, and fructose) have been shown to be absorbed swiftly and oxidised easily to release energy; two factors vital to athletes to improve performance. [5,6]. The body uses carbohydrates to do ‘work’ – it is the preferred material for muscle contraction, the central nervous system and fat oxidisation. The body would prefer to use carbohydrates rather than have to break up proteins for energy. Ingested carbohydrates are digested into the bloodstream in the stomach and small intestines as smaller sugar components mainly of fructose, galactose and glucose. Fructose and galactose are then converted to glucose in the liver and released back into the bloodstream where it is used as required. The brain can only use glucose for its energy requirements. After ingestion of carbohydrates, the glucose levels increase in the bloodstream as per the above mechanism. If the body does not utilise this glucose, the excess glucose is stored in the muscles and liver as glycogen which is initiated by the enzyme insulin released by the pancreas. The human body can only store about 20000 calories equivalent of glycogen. Excess glycogen above this level is stored as fat (adipose tissue). When the body is exercising, it will use up the glucose as first choice. When the glucose levels have been depleted, an enzyme called glucagon will reverse the above process –turning glycogen back to glucose- and thus glucose levels in the bloodstream will increase. As muscles can only use the glycogen in them – they cannot borrow from resting muscles – so once the glycogen levels have been used, muscle fatigue results. It is thus important for athletes to restore glycogen levels back to their original levels by consuming carbohydrates. The use of a carbohydrate drink should thus aid by increasing the glucose levels directly after absorption from the stomach – typically 20 minutes after ingestion – and keep glucose levels high so that exercise can be done for longer duration. It should also help recovery time as any used glycogen can be quickly replenished. Another benefit that energy drinks could give the athlete is the restoration of any depleted electrolytes. An action potential sent down a nerve causes the muscle to contract which requires certain electrolytes for it to happen. It the muscle is repeatedly contracted, the electrolytes will become spent. As sports drinks contain electrolytes in them, these spent electrolytes are replaced and thus muscle contraction could happen at peak level. From the above, it can be reasonably assumed that ingestion of a carbohydrate energy sports drink 20 minutes before the commencement of exercise should enhance the athlete’s performance and also aid post exercise recovery. Caffeine, a naturally occurring alkaloid also known as trimethylxanthine, is found in coffee and tea plants and acts as an agonist of the central nervous system. Caffeine is also found in chocolate (from cocoa bean) and used as an additive in fizzy drinks. The percentage found in fizzy drinks is relatively small (approx.12mg/100ml) whereas in sports drinks, it is generally a lot higher (approx. 40mg/1000ml). Caffeine, which has a half-life of between three to five hours, (i.e. the time taken to decrease its concentration by half), is absorbed in the small intestine, then broken down into its components in the liver cell and distributed to body tissues within 45 minutes of ingestion. Caffeine breaks down into the following components [22]: Caffeine Metabolites Of the three metabolites of caffeine, theophylline, which only accounts for 4%, has minimal effect on the body. Of the other two, theobromine, formerly known as xantheose, is a bitter alkaloid and causes vasodilation and decreased ADH hormone production in the kidneys and thus leads to increased urine volume. The final metabolite of caffeine is paraxantine, a competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor and a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist. The effect of paraxantine on the human body is to: raise intracellular cAMP (a second messenger)which would lead to increased bloodstream glucose levels. A second messenger is a molecule that relays signals received at receptors on the cell surface to the target molecules in the cytosol and/or nucleus and will sometimes amplify this signal. raise free fatty acid concentration in serum by lipolysis (lipid breakdown) -raise plasma epinephrine (adrenaline) levels and increase diastolic blood pressure The overall mechanism and enzymes that caffeine interacts in order to be broken down are shown below, which is taken from PharmGKB website. [27]: [27] From the above information, it is reasonable to expect that following ingestion of a caffeine drink 20 minutes prior to exercise that the resting heart rate would increase due to the release of adrenaline by the caffeine metabolites. One would also expect the athlete to perform better and recover quicker after exercise as the caffeine increases lipolysis and increased glucose levels. Post exercise the resting heart rate will still be higher as the half-life of caffeine is between 3-5 hours. Composition of the drinks used in the experiment: Carbohydrate sports drink Carbonated water, Dextrose (87%), Maltodextrin, Magnesium Carbonate, Acidifier (Citric Acid), Anti-Caking Agent (Magnesium Salts of Fatty Acids), Flavouring, Vitamin C, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B6 Caffeine content 0mg per 250ml serving Carbohydrate content 24.2g per 250ml serving KX sugar free stimulation drink Carbonated water, citric acid, taurine (0.4% ), acidity regulator (trisodium citrate), flavouring, guarana extract (0.12%), colour, sweeteners (aspartame, acesulfame K) caffeine , preservative (potassium sorbate), inositol, B vitamins. Caffeine content 80mg per 250ml serving Carbohydrate content 0mg per 250 ml serving KX simulation drink Citric Acid, Flavouring, Stabilisers (Acacia, Glycerol Esters of Wood Rosins), Caffeine, Preservative (Potassium Sorbate), Inositol, B Vitamins (Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12) Caffeine content 80mg per 250ml serving Carbohydrate content 25g per 250ml serving Placebo drink Carbonated water, flavouring Caffeine content 0mg Carbohydrate content 0g Hypothà ¨ses Hypothesis General Prediction: The consumption of the carbohydrate energy drink will result in no appreciable increase in resting heart rate as well as after any physical activity. I would expect the participants to be able to do physical activity for longer and at a higher intensity. The consumption of the high caffeine energy drink will result in an increase in the resting heart rate and pre and post physical activity. I would also expect the participants to be able to do physical activity for longer and at a higher intensity. The consumption of the combined high caffeine and high carbohydrate drink will I believe increase the resting heart rate due to the caffeine content and also after physical activity it will still remain high. The amount of and intensity of physical activity done by the participants should be higher than the carbohydrate or caffeine drink alone. Post exercise the resting heart rate will be higher although one would expect the recovery time to be quicker than the other drinks. The placebo drink should have no appreciable difference on any resting heart rate or physical activity. Hypothesis: Carbohydrate drink: Consumption of carbohydrates will increase the amount of glucose in the bloodstream after absorption from the GIT. This means a temporarily high amount of glucose in the bloodstream after approximately 20 minutes but if resting, this high glucose amount will induce the production of insulin which will convert the excess glucose to glycogen. This glycogen conversion will reduce the glucose levels in the bloodstream to levels prior to the consumption of the carbohydrate drink. Although there is a popular belief that consumption of sugar-containing food or beverages can lead to temporary hyperactivity, sometimes referred to as a ‘sugar rush’, this is in fact scientifically disproven. [28] Caffeine drink: ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is produced by almost all living things in their cells organelles called mitochondria, and it is one of the nucleotides that make up DNA. It also acts as a cellular signal and the triphosphate acts an energy source for enzymatic reactions. It is not energy itself, but rather temporarily stores energy in its phosphodiester bonds. When the third phosphate bond is created, it immediately is broken and energy is released that can fuel the metabolic chemical reactions required by living organisms, which otherwise would be inefficient. This creates ADP which has one less phosphate attached to the group. An analogy to use with ATP is to think of it as a battery that is getting charged and when it is fully charged, it lets off a spark. This spark initiates the chemical reaction to start to do work in the body. Caffeine acts as an agonist(stimulant) on adenosine receptors but in a very general sense. As caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant which increases metabolism and therefore, the cellular consumption of ATP will cause the heart rate to elevate. So, post consumption, caffeine increases ATP levels in the body, which causes heart rate to elevate. Post exercise the heart rate will stay elevated (higher resting rate) because the presence of caffeine causes increased levels of cAMP, and at the same time enables cAMP to stay active for longer. Increased levels of cAMP result in an increase in ATP; resulting in an elevated heart rate for a longer period. METHOD: To ascertain whether the energy drink affects the resting heart rate: I will be choosing one subject and will be observing the effects the energy drink has on the heart rate at rest as well as after physical activity . Subject must be of normal BMI and without any health ailments in order to make sure I do not have any other factors affecting Subject’s heart rate. First I will be monitoring and recording the subject’s heart rate at fixed intervals after consumption of caffeine. Through this I will be able to conclude the amount of increment in the heart rate caused by the consumption of the energy drink I will also be able to determine the amount time it takes for the heart rate to reach its highest level after the consumption of an energy drink. Further on I will test the effect the energy drink has on the heart rate after physical activity. First I will record the heart rate of subject after running on the treadmill for time of 2 minutes on set speed of 7 km/ph which will give me subject’s heart rate after physical activity without the effect on the energy drink. After which I will make the subject perform the same . I will be making the subject perform this physical activity only after subject reaches peak heart rate after consuming the energy drink (Red Bull).

Email Privacy Issues :: essays research papers

Email Privacy Issues   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a result of recent lawsuits against many organizations, companies have developed a policy on proper email practices on company computers. No longer is your personal email regarded as private when accessed on a company’s computer. Companies, in order to decrease lawsuits and increase productivity, have purchased email monitoring software to track email usage during work hours. Therefore, with the onslaught of email monitoring, is a private email really private?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In NetworkWorld’s The Perils of Privacy, Sharon Gaudin discusses the benefits of a company having a well-defined email policy. She provides the pros and cons of whether a company should invest in an email monitoring system. According to Gaudin, companies are held liable for what their employees do when using company equipment. A joke between to college buddies can be deemed sexual harassment by the company and open up a lawsuit if it ends up in the wrong hands. Because of this, companies have begun monitoring not only emails that employees send, but the websites they visit. Is this ethical? Some would say yes. A company has to protect its name and assets. The business arena is just for that†¦business. Employees are not paid to do personal business on company time. Leisure activity on the internet slows productivity and costs money. On the other hand, if a â€Å"clerk uses her lunch break to scan the Web for information on abuse victims, [and] the info rmation she calls up also flashes onto a screen in her boss's office, and now he knows a secret she never told anyone,† isn’t that a violation of her privacy?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While this issue seems to be one of ongoing debate, I am one who does not take sides. On one hand I can see the need for corporations to monitor their employees. Information within an email can be deemed unimportant to the mission and goals of the company.

Alcoholism And Spiritual Influence Health And Social Care Essay

Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) is an old pattern, dating back to twelvemonth 1935 when Bill W, experienced a reawakening in religious footings taking him on a way of recovery from the ironss of alcohol addiction ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Since that clip, many other people with alcoholic dependences have attributed the same sort of alleviation to this ideal motion. AA is referred as a religious family by its subsequent members. However, it is new to many, and they hardly understand the mechanisms, which underlie the construct of recovery ( George, 2005 ) . The spiritualty proof, an puzzling term, must apparently be based on physiological and psychological findings. An initial component of this paper is supplying a definition of spiritualty in empirical footings as done by AA Services ( 2002 ) stating that it is â€Å" that which develops in people some intent and significance in life. † This definition was amplified by indicating out that spiritualty as a human facet can be achieved â€Å" with engagement in a faith ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . It can every bit good be much broader than this, for case belief in naturalism, rationalism, God, household, humanitarianism, and humanistic disciplines. † The usage of such a term with this intension is of recent beginning. Anthropologists surprisingly have applied the word â€Å" religious † on many other concrete spiritual facets and shamanic pattern ( Paul, Mueller, David & A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . The current use of the same is apprehensible to hold derived ideally from legion beginnings, some of them specific to tendencies go oning late in American civilization at least apparent over the past century ( George, 2005 ) . Credence of this construct on orientation to oecumenic faith has led to an credence of the fact that the ritual pattern formalities may be less of relevancy than the values, which legion spiritual denominations hold. Acceptance of these bases of patterns for case speculation and complementary medical specialty has brought in another dimension to the construct. The AA outgrowth as a personal transmutation potent vehicle has besides been committed and vastly influential, as it brings in the term spiritualty to the spotlight of the mental wellness professionals every bit good as the general populace ( AA Services, 2002 ) . All these leads to acceptance by the populace of the several spiritually doctrines and pattern used in back uping the recovery from an unwellness, which have emerged outside of the cardinal sphere of biomedicine. Most psychiatric modes associate with a remarkable mechanism. Physiological research argues that spiritualty may be critical to the healing of legion upsets ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Persons hiting higher on personality traits that relate to religious transcendency have been seen as holding characteristic activity in peculiar serotonergic encephalon sites, which suggest single physiological differences in response to religious attention ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The close relation between dream symbolism and symb olic idea is apparent from the activation of peculiar encephalon centres and inactivation of others, proposing an association between nervous map and religious metaphor. Response to the societal context of transition to the spirit may besides be related to neurophysiologic map ( George, 2005 ) . A individual in a diverse societal scene where a spiritually oriented position is present with strength may be influenced and follow that position ( Paul, Mueller, David & A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Bill ‘s experience at the origin of AA, where he was â€Å" caught up in the ideal rapture which there is deficiencies words to depict, † can non be researched with easiness. On the same note, bordering the methods to analyze the function of AA on recovery of alcohol addiction is hard. Twelve-step families need namelessness of their member ( George, 2005 ) . They are besides oriented toward the members ‘ primacy of their demands beyond research aims, which research workers might suggest. Because of such demands, legion result surveies and researches on recovery through AA tie to followup on patients take parting in professionally based intervention and go toing AA meetings. Uncontrolled appraisals utilizing the Twelve-Step â€Å" Minnesota Model † for residential rehabilitation in a long-run facet in a professionally directed puting show promising consequences, nevertheless, one important survey that relates to AA-based recovery stands out due to its deducti on to experimental controls and randomisation ( AA Services, 2002 ) . A large-scale National Institute on Alcoholism rating was carried out utilizing the long-run followup. It showed clearly that Twelve-Step Facilitation, a grounded mode in design to advance AA attending, at least was every bit effectual as cognitive, and motivational techniques ( both of which in development were from through empirical observation grounded theoretical accounts of research ) , and it was extremely effectual than the techniques in developing long-run abstention ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Twelve-Step Facilitation, hence, has been a professionally based intercession, and AA application is a peer-led family. However, this result highlights the relevancy of farther controlled research on the 12-step plans engagement ( George, 2005 ) . Professional intervention of maltreatment of substance impaired doctors on the same note, offers an penetration into AA ‘s value, with the fact that long-run abstention has critical public wellness deductions for the habit-forming populatio n. A sample of doctors, antecedently holding abused substances and abstainer for at least two old ages, in AA-based intervention antecedently, reported 12-step rank as the chief ground for the long-run recovery they achieved every bit good as the abstention ( George, 2005 ) . In add-on, in a sample of 101 doctors indiscriminately selected in a group of those monitored by a doctors ‘ , found that 97 per centum of the 1 who antecedently had been in a 12-step plan further engaged in the plan in the monitoring period ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Research on the spiritualty function in the recovery procedure separate from professional direction has been through empirical observation modeled, and the dealingss between AA engagement and the result have been a topic of concern ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . In any instance, no uncertainty prevails to the fact that rank in AA ; characteristically seen to tie in with its religious foundation now has been used by 1000000s of people enduring depend ences and they all recognition plan for their recovery ( Paul, Mueller, David & A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . The 12-step experience develops a sense of communality, and this is different from the running conventional institutional context. It is, hence, the ground why this solidarity hails every bit critical to the plan ‘s religious nature ( George, 2005 ) . The family ‘s orientation ideally to common support facilitates a shared sense of single reclamation formalizing the behavioural demand of entire recovery and abstention known as keeping abstention. For nuts, the orientation to common support besides sustains the construction and unity of AA as a motion ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Substance-impaired doctors have established a strong, supportive web via AA-related Caduceus groups in AA ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The clinical benefit of AA ‘s plan has been in presentation in the controlled researches on enhanced result in intervention plans, on lowered demand for professi onal staffing in outpatient rehabilitation, and on intervention of dependence with psychiatric attention for persons with double diagnosings ( Paul, Mueller, David & A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Surveies suggest that legion patients have a religious life sing their religious wellness every bit good as physical wellness as momentous, every bit good. On the other manus, people may keep greater religious demands in times of unwellness. A reappraisal of published surveies, systematic reappraisals, capable reappraisals and meta-analyses, analyzing the association between spiritualty and physical, health-related life, wellness and spiritual engagement, mental wellness, and other wellness results indicated that spiritualty and spiritual engagement associate with better wellness results, which includes get bying accomplishments, health-related life quality and greater length of service ( even in the event of terminal unwellness ) and depression, self-destruction and less anxiousness ( George, 2005 ) . Several surveies show that turn toing the demands of the patient particularly the religious 1s enhance recovery from certain unwellnesss. Acknowledging, back uping and spoting the reli gious patients ‘ demands can be done in a straightforward mode ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Conversely, when people consult doctors in finding the intervention and cause of an unwellness, they at times may besides seek seeking replies to some inquiries that medical scientific discipline do non supply an reply for illustration, â€Å" Why an unwellness happens to a peculiar person? † legion patients rely on a religious model every bit good as spiritual beliefs naming on religious or spiritual attention suppliers to give them replies to the several inquiries ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Indeed, over the old ages in history, spiritualty and faith and the medical pattern have been intertwined. Because of this, many faiths embrace the attention of the ill as a primary mission, and legion universes ‘ taking establishments of medical specialty have religious or spiritual roots ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Therefore, the twelve-step plan has been unusually celebrated and serves as one of the most supported attacks in handling alcohol addiction ( George, 2005 ) . The twelve-step plan is a set of rules that guide a patient. The plan outlines a class of action to be of usage in the recovery from irresistible impulse, unnatural behavioural jobs or an dependence. The plan was originally developed by Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) . It was ab initio a method of recovery for patients enduring alcohol addiction. The Twelve Steps foremost came to be published in a book â€Å" Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How More Than One Hundred Men Have Recovered from Alcoholism in 1939 ( AA Services, 2002 ) † . The method so came to be adopted ; going the foundation of the ideal twelve-step plans developed subsequently for case Cocaine Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, Co-Dependents Anonymous, Debtors Anonymous and Overeaters Anonymous ( AA Services, 2005 ) . As the American Psychological Association summarizes, the procedure is all about: aˆ? Admiting the fact that one can non is non under control of his or her dependence or irresistible impulse ; aˆ? Acknowledging a power, which is greater and that can supply strength aˆ? Examining past mistakes utilizing he aid of a patron aˆ? Making amendments to the several mistakes aˆ? Learning how to populate a new and better life with a freshly developed behaviour aˆ? Helping other people enduring from the same irresistible impulses or dependences The Twelve-step methods ideally have been celebrated adopted in turn toing a assortment of substance maltreatment and other jobs associating to dependence. Over 200 organisations known as families with a planetary rank and holding 1000000s employ the twelve-step rules in their recovery procedure. Narcotics Anonymous formation was by nuts who did non hold extended dealingss to the intoxicant dependence particulars. Similar penchants associating to the nuts ‘ drug of pick besides led to the start of Cocaine Anonymous, Pills Anonymous, Marijuana Anonymous and the Crystal Meth Anonymous ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Behavioral issues for case irresistible impulse for, and/or dependence to, sex, billboard, gaming, nutrient and work are besides under reference in legion other families for case as Overeaters Anonymous, Workaholics Anonymous, Gamblers Anonymous, Sexual Compulsives Anonymous, Debtors Anonymous. Auxiliary groups for case Al-Anon and Nar-Anon, for household members of nuts and alkies, are portion of a response in usage to the intervention of dependence as a disease, which is enabled by household systems ( George, 2005 ) . The Twelve Traditions besides accompany the new and adept Twelve Steps. The Traditions give guidelines for single, group administration ( AA Services, 2005 ) . They were started in AA in assisting with the declaration of struggles in the Fieldss of fundss, promotion, and faith. Most twelve-step families adopted the developed rules for their administration ( Paul, Mueller, David & A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . The Twelve Traditions of AA include: aˆ? Our public assistance should be foremost ; personal recovery is dependent upon the AA integrity aˆ? For the group intent, there is merely one ultimate authorization, which is a loving God. Leaderships are merely sure retainers and do non regulate aˆ? The lone demand for AA rank is a strong single desire to halt imbibing aˆ? Each group must be independent except in issues that affect other groups or AA aˆ? Each group has a individual and primary intent, which is transporting its message to the agony alky aˆ? An AA group should ne'er finance, impart or back the AA name to any endeavor, lest issues of prestigiousness, money, and belongings diverts us from the chief intent aˆ? Every AA group should be to the full self-supporting, and diminutions outside parts aˆ? Alcoholics Anonymous must stay non-professional forever. However, the service centres can or may every bit good employ distinguishable workers aˆ? AA, hence, must ne'er be organized ; but can make commissions or service boards responsible to those they serve straight aˆ? Alcoholics Anonymous do non hold an sentiment on some outside issues ; hence, the AA name must ne'er be presented in public contention aˆ? The public dealingss policy footing on attractive force and non publicity ; we required to keep personal namelessness ever at the degree of movies, imperativeness, and wireless aˆ? Anonymity is the foundation of all the traditions, of all time maintaining usage to remind and put rules in front of personalities ( AA Services, 2005 ) . In the twelve-step plan, the construction of worlds is symbolically represented in dimensions including religious, physical, and mental ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The jobs the person, groups trade with are known to attest themselves in several dimensions. For alkies, the ideal physical dimension is described best by the allergy-like reaction in the organic structure, which consequences in the irresistible impulse to utilizing substances after the preliminary usage ( George, 2005 ) . For single groups non related to maltreatment of substance, the physical manifestation is more varied with elements such as distractibility, compulsive billboard, eating upsets, hyperactivity, hypomania, dysfunctional enabling, insomnia, deficiency of motive, crossness, passion, panic onslaughts, indolence, psychosomatic unwellnesss, cunctation, self-injury, hapless impulse control, and suicide efforts. The statement in the initial Measure that the individual is â€Å" powerless † over the substance-a buse that relates to behavior at issue connotes the deficiency of control over the single irresistible impulse prevailing for long despite any negative effects, which may be endured ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The mental compulsion in the description is the cognitive procedures, which causes the individual to reiterate the behaviour after some clip abstaining ; either cognizing that the ulterior consequence will be a developed inability to halt or run under the interior psychotic belief that the consequence ideally will be changing. The description in the initial Step of the life of the individual enduring from alcohol addiction or nut as â€Å" unwieldy † , connotes the deficiency of pick that the single head of the nut affords sing whether to utilize once more ( AA Services, 2005 ) . The religious dimension unwellness, comparatively known as â€Å" religious malady, † is considered in the several twelve-step single groups to be self-centeredness. The theoretical account is non intended to be explained scientifically, it is merely an single position that twelve-step plan discovery utile ( George, 2005 ) . The procedure of working the plan stairss is intended to wholly replace egoism with a turning willingness for selflessness, moral consciousness and unselfish constructive action ( AA Services, 2002 ) . In twelve-step groups, it is referred to as a spiritual experience or comparatively, religious waking up ( AA Services, 2005 ) . This should non be mistaken with catharsis, bring forthing dramatic alterations. In twelve-step families, the construct of â€Å" religious waking up † is inferred as developing, most often over a long period. It is suggested that single members on a regular basis attend meetings joined by other members who portion their recovery job. In conformity with the initial Step, twelve-step groups make accent on self-admission by single members of the job they intend to retrieve from ( AA Services, 2005 ) . It is in this spirit that single members identify themselves frequently along with their job admittance for case â€Å" Hi, I ‘m Mike and I ‘m an nut. † Such catch phrases widely associate with such support groups usually. Some meetings are popular as dual-identity groups promoting attending from peculiar demographics ( George, 2005 ) . Some countries have, for case, work forces ‘s groups ; homosexuals, sapphic, adult females ‘s groups ; and transgendered groups. There are besides in some, novice ‘s groups and â€Å" old-timer † groups restricting who portions, or speaks in these meeting, by the length of clip each member has in that family ( AA Servi ces, 2002 ) . Alcoholics Anonymous is, hence, ranked high in its effectivity. It is known to be one of the largest of the established twelve-step plans ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . The Narcotics Anonymous comes 2nd with the twelve-step members who recover from dependence coming from drugs or intoxicant ( AA Services, 2005 ) . The bulk of plans, nevertheless, combat the unwellnesss and non the dependence. For case, the 3rd twelve-step plan, known as Al-Anon, assists members of a household of nuts and alkies ( George, 2005 ) . About 20 per centum of plans engage in dependence recovery, the staying 80 per centum address several of jobs stretching from debt to depression ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . It would be an tremendous mistake presuming the effectivity of twelve-step attacks at handling jobs because they are certainly effectual. From its critics, Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) is merely a placebo, non even able to vie with more effectual interventions. They besides refer it as a unsafe cult. For its protagonists AA having the Lasker Award ( America ‘s highest award in the medical field for advancement ) is adequate to warrant the procedure. George ( 2005 ) argues that because detoxified alcoholic persons relapse often, the psychological professions as good those from medical do non hold an outstanding record in the handling of alcohol addiction. Over the long-run, many of what has been in pattern to handle alcohol addiction professionally is what can be termed as a placebo ( AA Services, 2005 ) . On the first note, remedy from dependence of all sort does non come via psychodynamic penetration. In a survey of Harvard work forces done late, 26 alkies received 5000 hours of psychotherapeutics, with an norm of 200 hours per adult male. Merely a individual adult male recovered from alcohol addiction. Life-saving detoxification is besides non effectual for long in managing alcohol addiction ( AA Services, 2002 ) . As Mark Twain quipped, ‘I found discontinuing smoking so easily after making it 20 times ‘ . This is the same for alcohol addiction. Indeed, long-run researches show that waiting for intervention ( a pla cebo therapy signifier ) is every bit effectual as the detoxification attack. Additionally, cognitive behavior therapy is non peculiarly efficient since it works less good. Linda and Mark ‘s surveies of developing alkies and assisting them return to command imbibing [ 8 ] became celebrated globally for old ages until patients in their survey were followed after a 10-year grade and found as still fared no better than the research controls. In the last 20 old ages, there are two drugs holding made clinicians in the field of alcohol addiction hopeful including naltrexone and acamprosate ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . However, many surveies indicate that they are merely successful in the short term footing. Conversely, with 15 old ages holding passed, the long-run researches that could turn out the efficaciousness of the several interventions are still undone ( George, 2005 ) . The grounds for the professional therapy failure in forestalling the eventual backsliding, and, hence, changing the natural alcohol addiction history, are two times. First, there is a clasp that drug dependence in human existences ne'er rest in our cerebral mantle. The clasp of dependence of any sort on the human heads lies in the reptilian encephalon. The clasp emanates from regular, cellular alterations in mesencephalon karyon for case the superior tegmentum and karyon accumbens ( George, 2005 ) . Finally, the malleability loss of neural response in the two centres renders abstinence unachievable and holds down the self-control. Therefore, you can understand why the drug does non assist and why AA comes in as a better replacement ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The 2nd ground that frequently professional intervention f ails in forestalling the backsliding in alcohol addiction is similar to the backsliding in diabetes. Change in the clinical class in diabetes and alcohol addiction is merely accomplishable by backsliding bar ( Paul, Mueller, David & A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Lady Macbeth ‘s a long helping doctor quotes ‘Therein the single patient is responsible in ministering to herself ‘ . There are several factors normally present in forestalling backsliding for most dependences ( George, 2005 ) . The factors, which assistance in the bar of backsliding, are ritual dependence on a new love relationships, viing behavior, and deepened spiritualty ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Normally, two factors must be present for the bar of a backsliding to happen. The ground that the factors are effectual is that likely unlike many of the professional interventions, these factors do non work in the creative activity of decreased imbibing or impermanent abstention. They work to consequence the bar of backsliding ; and, hence, like the self-administered insulin in patients enduring diabetics, they should be used for a drawn-out continuance. This holds all to the construct of utilizing AA in the intervention other depending on the medical substances ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Alcoholics Anonymous, merely like many personal trainers, facilitates motivation from without, hence, proposing that clients return once more to the same plan modus operandi. In AA, members are advised to happen a patron to see and telephone frequently. They are advised to ‘work the stairss ‘ and ever prosecute in the proviso of the service ( George, 2005 ) . Each of the activities is dedicated in supplying a day-to-day nonvoluntary reminder with everything hitting the head that intoxicant is an enemy, and ne'er will be a friend. The activities provide supervising from the external supervisors, or in the linguistic communication of AA ‘always maintaining the memory green ‘ . However, AA besides comprehends that compulsory supervising is tremendous and works best when it is by single pick. George ( 2005 ) adds to this fact by stating that people suffer under the rigorous regulations of a manager, but they ever evade prohibitions of which they do non O.K. ( Paul, Mueller, David & A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Second, it is critical to happen a replacement dependence or comparatively known as a viing behavior for any sort of dependence ( AA Services, 2002 ) . One can non easy give up a wont particularly without holding another thing to make and hedge practising the same behaviour ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . For case, Antabuse, prescribed frequently because it makes the alcohol consumption sickening, fails largely to bring around the dependence because though it may be taking alcohol off, Antabuse has no replacing and finally the nut stops the medical specialty and it does non, hence, aid ( George, 2005 ) . Nevertheless, viing dependences for case, dolophine hydroc hloride care in maltreatment of diacetylmorphine facilitate bar of backsliding because they offer a replacement ( a carrot or a stick ) . AA besides was initiated on the construct that, in contrast, imprisonment as a method of cut downing backsliding to heroin maltreatment has ne'er worked ( Richard, 2001 ) . This is because penalty entirely does non alter deep-rooted wonts. Alcoholics Anonymous acknowledges what all behaviourists know, and it understands what many parents and physicians forget that such dastardly wonts taking to dependences necessitate replacements ( George, 2005 ) . Alcoholics Anonymous on this note provides supervising every bit good as a gratifying agenda of service activities every bit good as societal penchants in the presence of now-healed alkies, peculiarly at times of high hazard given an illustration of vacations ( Paul, Mueller, David & A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . On the same statement, AA operates on the thought that new love relationships are critical to full recovery. It seems critical for ex-addicts to bond with other individuals who they have ne'er met or hurt in the yesteryear and to who they do non hold deep emotionally dealingss or in debt ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Indeed, it is supportive of persons assisting them bond with other individuals who they can assist and have aid. Alcoholic Anonymous meetings comparatively are full of sober former pub-crawlers that the nuts befriend but individuals who one does non owe ( George, 2005 ) . On the same note, an AA patron, similar to a new partner, promotes the bar of a backsliding better than many other enduring members whom they torture for old ages. The common characteristic in recovery from any signifier of dependence is the find of spiritualty. This is intensely controversial and surges a het argument. Inspirational, selfless person, group rank every bit good as belief in a greater power than ‘me ‘ seem critical to recovery from all sorts of dependence. In the Religious Experience, William foremost articulated the relationship between a recovery from alcohol addiction and spiritual transitions. As Carl Jung directed the AA cofounder Bill Wilson: The cosmopolitan theoretical account that Frank describes in his plants, Healing and Persuasion, for effectual psychotherapeutics resembles religious mending closely ( AA Services, 2002 ) . In Frank ‘s theoretical account, the therapist should hold the ideal position ( for illustration a few old ages of abstention ) , be equipped with legion unambiguous conceptual theoretical accounts of the debatable issues ( for illustration, AA ‘s Big Book ) and must make in the patient remedy anticipation ( Richard, 2001 ) . Alcoholics ‘ Anonymous assemblies, after all, are the topographic points across the Earth, which are populated dumbly by alkies with soberness ( Paul, Mueller, David & A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Finally, Frank argues that in group therapy complete healing came from people caring for one another, non oneself. The Twelfth Step of AA delivers a message of mending. But there are other grounds that in the ideal dependences spiritualty is critical for bar of backsliding ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . First, there is a ample difference between a connexion of mending in religious communities and with a hierarchal clinical psychologist or spiritual leader ( George, 2005 ) . In autocratic faith every bit good as in medical specialty, the wise priest or physician asks the sinful, unenlightened patients or ill to wallow in dependence alleviating their past losingss and cholers. In contrast AA and other ideal democratic religious communities have a flat playing land. One of the Akron rummies in the early yearss, to whom Dr. Bob brought their message of retrieving from alcoholic, expressed the reciprocality good that people speaking to him wanted to assist him, and his pride prevented him from listening to them ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Second, spiritualty influences single behaviours, non through ground but by its emotion entreaty. Four central surveies have provided cogent evidence that, after control of variables like intoxicant ingestion prohibition, spiritual engagement when the younger coevals reduces coffin nail ingestion and intoxicant when at grownup coevals ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Religious prohibition of usage of intoxicant ( for case Church of jesus christ of latter-day saintss in Islam in Saudi Arabia and Utah ) has been all along successful ( George, 2005 ) . In contrast, prohibition against intoxicant ingestion by the authorities has been less effectual ( for illustration, prohibition in America in the 1920s and in the 1990s in Soviet Union ) . Third, alkies and nuts unlike most evildoers are non raging ( Monica & A ; Scott, 2000 ) . Alcoholics have inflicted tremendous hurting frequently every bit good as hurt on others. Therefore, when sober, the nut may see guilt from the anguish, which they inflict on others ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Even though a hapless tranquillizer and an antidepressant, intoxicant are likely the most powerful solvent ideally for a guilty scruples, which modern pharmacological medicine has devised. Therefore, absolution from guilt arbitrated by a ‘power more than ourselves ‘ generates an option to alcohol going a critica l portion of the alky ‘s procedure in mending ( George, 2005 ) . Finally, spiritualty, for case human fond regard – both arbitrated by the temporal lobe and limbic circuitry may be a worthy replacing for drugs ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . In other words, faith and spiritualty present a replacement to the high facilitated by drugs. Religion, Marx ‘s ‘the people ‘s opiate ‘ and Jung ‘s spiritus, perchance will be an indirect manner, which we have of actuating our limbic encephalon every bit good as its endorphins. However, efficaciousness of AA and information on the AA efficaciousness is difficult to acquire. First, as an establishment, AA is uninterested in the field of research ( Richard, 2001 ) . Second, because of unconscious competition and differences, medical research workers from several bookmans sometimes have difficult times in the appraisal of AA without prejudice ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Finally, in the procedure of their chronic upset, nuts and alkies come across many, diverse intercessions, at the same time. Therefore, unlike the instance with most drug tests, there is no absolute manner that one can carry on a controlled survey ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Until recent times, it was non clear whether AA attending resulted to abstinence or whether go toing AA was merely a manifestation of greater conformity with therapy or abstention. The overall grounds, however that AA works as a better ‘cure ‘ is converting ( George, 2005 ) . First, multiple surveies, which jointl y involved more persons, suggest that absolute and effective clinical results are correlated significantly with frequence of go toing AA, with holding a patron, with chairing meetings, and with battle in a Twelve-Step work. Second, for 35 old ages I have been Director of the Study of Adult Development. From consequences in a community survey, half of the sample abused intoxicant until they died or until present. There were few clear differences separating the work forces accomplishing stable abstention from the 1s who remained alkies in a chronic province ( Monica & A ; Scott, 2000 ) . Poor instruction, multi-problem, low IQ did non place the sample population that would neglect in accomplishing stable abstention. Nor did hazard factors copiousness for alcohol addiction, for case alcoholic heredity, young person hyperactivity and sociopathic behavior, endure in foretelling the chronic province ( George, 2005 ) . However, it was singular that the sample population in the satisfactory result groups indicated go toing at least 20 times as many meetings of AA as the work forces in the hapless result take parting groups ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Another multimillion-dollar survey, referred to as Project Match compared the diverse effects of interventions upon alcoholic patients geting at several decisions ( George, 2005 ) . Project Match indicated that in the event of the first twelvemonth AA as a intervention attack was every bit effectual as the professional options including motivational sweetening therapies and cognitive behavioural therapies. Surely, AA in some degrees was better than the cognitive, behavioural therapy. On the other manus, the Match followup besides indicated that in malice of the original intervention arm ( motivational, Twelve Steps or cognitive behavioral ) the more meetings held by AA and single attending, the better the result ( Richard, 2001 ) . However, there is a ‘scientific ‘ inquiry associating to AA efficaciousness. Even with cogent evidence that AA cures alcohol addiction, what is the degree of its safety? The inquiry aims at turn toing the AA side effects. Indeed, AA has its ideal disparagers and critics sing its operations. Designed to act upon the reptilian encephalon, the emotional linguistic communication and the rhetoric of the spiritualty of AA usher, journalists every bit good as other societal scientists fear that AA is a cult ( George, 2005 ) . Cults can take to development every bit good as instances of demagogy, and this is one large shooting used in knocking AA. They argue that faith can ensue in exclusion, war and dogmatism. Individual alkies who attend incompatible AA single groups or ally themselves with inopportune patrons sometimes are informants of horror narratives sing the family ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Many of the beliefs that members in AA express sing alcohol addiction, are similar t o the dogmas of any tradition non related to scientific discipline. For case, if work forces are followed for 40 old ages it is clear that alcohol addiction is non as usually expressed as a ‘progressive disease ‘ . Something reconstructing the safety of AA is that as an establishment, it is non a faith. The establishment has incorporated rules intentionally in an effort to avoid cultic maltreatment. Religions for case patriotism draw circles, which draw some, people out and, hence, non first-class when it comes to affairs of recovery. On the other manus, Alcoholics Anonymous draws circles, which draw others in and, hence a favourite. The AA religious foundation came from the rational experience of work forces who were profoundly leery of all faiths. These work forces, William with his Religious Experience Varieties, Carl Jung passing his prescription ideally known as ‘Spiritus contra spiritus ‘ and cofounder of AA, Dr. Robert Smith, of whom each pupils of what was mending between the prevailing faiths ( George, 2005 ) . This sort of spiritualty normally develops to love, humbleness, tolerance and awe toward the planetary existence. These are several qualities intensifying human relationships ( AA Services, 2002 ) . Surely, AA is non all about faith but more deep into other constructs. The Alcoholics Anonymous foreword categorically states: â€Å" Alcoholics Anonymous is practically non a spiritual establishment. † The lone rank demand is a desire to abstain from imbibing. Alcoholics Anonymous, hence, passes the universality trial so critical in separating safe spiritualty and dividing it from dissentious faith, in the facet that spiritual strong belief does non hold the capacity to forestall rank to AA ( Richard, 2001 ) . Over the last two decennaries, AA rank increased to an estimated 10-fold in Hindu India, in Catholic Spain and in Buddhist Japan. Membership has besides been on the rise in unbelieving Russia exponentially ( Paul, Mueller, David & A ; Teresa, 2001 ) . Per capita, there are an estimated three times as legion AA groups in El Salvador and Costa Rica as in the America ( Monica & A ; Scott, 2000 ) . Today, at least one-third of members from AA are adult females and an estimated one-fourth are flatly less than 31 old ages old. Scholarly research fails in the designation of clear personality differences among the legion alkies who are non attenders of AA. Neither instruction nor societal category, neither mental wellness nor extraversion distinguishes the 1s utilizing AA from the 1 who do non ( AA Services, 2002 ) . The lone variable that systematically distinguishes AA members from nuts and alkies who attend professional intervention centres merely is that members of AA tend to hold had more alcohol addiction symptoms. It is of virtue noting, however, some of the peculiar ways that AA as an establishment has avoided to developing to a cult ( Monica & A ; Scott, 2000 ) . First, from the beginning, AA has developed no clear differentiation between ‘the family of AA ‘ and the supreme God. There has been a tacit, if non explicit, permission ever of replacing the construct of God, with the single ‘home group ‘ . On the other manus, the AA spiritualty does non hold the capacity to vie with medical specialty ( Richard, 2001 ) . Alcoholic Anonymous work published in books is clear that it is ‘absolutely incorrect striping any alky of medicine that are capable of relieving or commanding other disenabling emotional jobs, every bit good as a physical job ( AA Services, 2002 ) ‘ and that ‘no member of AA as an establishment, dramas physician ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) ‘ . Additionally, some worry that the establishment like cults, exerts control of the human hea d and removes freedom. Mark, a New York head-shrinker, defined cults as groups of personal appeal with ‘characteristics of a high societal coherence degree, a profoundly held belief system and a powerful influence on its single members ‘ behaviour ( George, 2005 ) ‘ . As Mark noted, this is true of AA as an alcoholic recovery establishment. Finally, another difference between all AA and cults is their governing construction. For cults, their features are by magnetic leaders holding infallible powers every bit good as an bossy construction of administration ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . In AA ‘leaders ‘ trust is been held as retainers ; they ne'er govern ( George, 2005 ) ‘ . Most of the AA places of service are unpaid and legion occupations are rotated often so that the power consolidation ne'er occurs ( AA Services, 2005 ) . The AA organisational chart evolving is a pyramid on its caput. Responsibility places within AA are in definition, ‘service as holding no authorization ( Richard, 2001 ) ‘ and the procedures of AA statute law are democratic to a mistake. In AA, the amusive thing is that unlike in faiths and cults, they respect the minority sentiments ( AA Services, 2002 ) . A unfavorable judgment of cults, every bit good as AA, is that they hearten dependance. And so it is critical to distinguish the dependance that is AA engendered from the dependance that is cults engendered. Dependences in several countries weaken or strengthen the persons ( AA Services, 2002 ) . This is because a human being is weakened by dependance on debris nutrient, coffin nails, or slot machines. Finally, AA ‘s Twelve Traditions are a contemplation of the laminitis Bill Wilson ‘s 20-year cleft to encompass spiritualty protecting AA from developing into a cult ( Mark & A ; Robert, 1996 ) . Alcoholics Anonymous, as the instance with the early Christian Church, strives to remain hapless successfully ad, hence, works out suitably ( George, 2005 ) . Decisions In general, the function of spiritualty in alcohol addiction recovery relates to the persons ‘ publicity of achieving a meaningful life. The attacks to recovery, for case usage of speculation, spiritual revivalism, and household therapy, represent the value of extract of the person and personal significance into the procedure of recovery. All the several attacks associate with the factors termed nonspecific frequently underlying the healing effects apparent across diverse psychotherapeutics schools. It is, nevertheless, arguable that religious influence is one of the major constructs on recovery in Alcoholics Anonymous. It is a procedure affecting the 12 stairss as illustrated in this treatment. It is absolute that spiritualty is peculiarly a latent concept ; one inferred from legion constituent dimensions, for case societal psychological science, intervention result and neurophysiology research. Mechanisms that relate to its function in recovery publicity in AA are in treatmen t from diverse position and use to single otherwise. What is clear is that Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) being an old pattern has been first-class and successful and continues to keep land as an attack to cut down alcohol addiction.